典型区域土壤中PCB-11的污染特征

利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法研究了土壤中PCB-11（3,3＇-二氯联苯,CAS 2050-67-1）的污染特征和分布规律,探讨了土壤中PCB-11的污染来源.结果表明,我国一般城市地区（天津、鞍山）和电子垃圾拆解地周边土壤中PCB-11的检出率为100%,PCB-11可能广泛存在于土壤介质中.天津、鞍山、电子垃圾...     

西北某电子垃圾拆解厂室内外重金属污染特征及暴露风险

本研究利用ICP-OES对西北干旱区某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂拆解车间内外空气不同粒径的颗粒物(PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))及上风向对照点PM_(2.5)中的6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的浓度进行了分析测定,基于该数据对拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属污染浓度水平、粒径分布特征、职业暴露风险以及呼吸系统沉积特征进行了研究.结果表明,拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属Zn(室内4 890 ng·m~(-3),室外1 245 ng·m~(-3))、Pb(室内1 201 ng·m~(-3),室外240 ng·m~(-3))、Cu(室内1 200ng·m~(-3),室外110 ng·m~(-3))均表现出较高的污染水平,且室内浓度远高于室外数倍,表明拆解活动是造成室内空气较高浓度重金属的主要原因,室内外空气环境污染特征与电子垃圾拆解种类密切相关.粒径分布特征为:车间内空气环境中重金属主要吸附于PM_(2.5)中,车间外主要是赋存于PM_(10)中.职业暴露风险评估显示:Cr的非致癌与致癌风险最高;拆解厂车间室内外6种重金属总非致癌危害指数为1. 62×10~(-3)和3. 60×10~(-4),远低于U. S. EPA规定的限定值(1. 0);车间室内外致癌总风险值为2. 69×10~(-7)和2. 59×10~(-9),小于可接受范围(1×10~(-6)),表明由重金属所导致的职业健康风险相对较小;评估结果表明按国家环保要求规模化建厂的电子垃圾拆解厂空气环境颗粒物中重金属对公共健康造成的风险处于相对安全的水平.颗粒态重金属在人体呼吸系统的不同器官的沉积特征表现为粒径越小,在呼吸系统的深处的沉积百分占比越大,建议企业应针对细颗粒物给职业工人造成的呼吸健康风险采取相应的减排对策.     

高性能聚醚醚酮紫外光加速老化行为研究

目的 研究特种工程塑料聚醚醚酮(PEEK)在紫外光照射实验室加速条件下的老化行为。方法 对PEEK塑料采取紫外线光老化方式进行试验,对老化前后的样品进行外观变化、力学性能、热性能、微观结构表征与分析,明确紫外环境因素对材料的性能影响,进而确定PEEK塑料在紫外光条件下的老化行为。结果 随着紫外光老化时间的增加,PEEK样品表面变黄,颜色加深,出现鼓包与裂纹等宏观与微观损伤。样品内部力学性能、热性能、红外特征吸收峰、元素含量与价态没有明显变化,样品表面热性能下降,傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)特征吸收峰变化明显。结论 PEEK塑料表面对紫外光比较敏感,在紫外光的照射下容易发生表层的分解,短时间内不会引起材料整体热性能及力学性能的明显变化。     

Closed loop recycling of plastics containing Flame Retardants

Annually 2.7 million tonnes of plastics containing Flame Retardants (FRs) are globally discarded in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Little is known on the feasibility of closing material loops for FR plastics. Therefore, series of experiments were set up to analyze the feasibility of separating plastics containing FRs from one specific product category, namely End-of-Life (EoL) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) TVs. The characterization of the housings of this waste stream indicated a concentration of 18 wt% Bromine based (Br) FRs and 31 wt% Phosphor based (P) FRs, the remainder not containing FRs. With practical tests it was demonstrated that, after disassembly and plastic identification, the co-polymer poly-carbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) containing PFR can be recycled in a closed loop system. Based on the determined plastic density distributions and separation efficiencies of optical sorters, a purity of 82% was calculated for PFR PC/ABS separated from EoL LCD TVs after size-reduction (shredding). Performed miscibility tests indicated that for this fraction at least a factor 10 dilution with virgin material is required. In addition, higher waste volumes are required for a size-reduction based treatment to become economically viable and technical challenges still need to be faced, whereas closed loop recycling of PFR PC/ABS from the current waste stream of EoL LCD TVs of different brands in a disassembly based treatment is found to be technically feasible and economically viable under European boundary conditions.     

Toward maximizing the recycling rate in a Sapporo waste plastics liquefaction plant

Sapporo Plastics Recycling Co., Ltd., (SPR) started its commercial operation of waste plastics liquefaction in 2000. At first only hydrocarbon oil was reclaimed, this being derived from the waste plastics liquefaction process under the Japanese Containers and Packaging Recycling Law. Presently, thermal degradation residue and hydrochloric acid are being produced as by-products in addition to the hydrocarbon oil. As a result, the SPR plastics liquefaction plant has achieved a high reclamation rate of 96%, and 93% of the recycled products have been reused in Hokkaido, where SPR is located. The technical problems caused by corrosion and clogging have been solved. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

不同电子废弃物拆解场重金属经口暴露的健康风险研究

以浙江台州电子废弃物拆解区为研究区域,采用现场调查和实验室分析相结合的方法对不同拆解场(焚烧场、手工拆解场、酸洗场)各环境介质中Cu、Pb、Cd等共7种重金属的污染状况进行调查,运用美国环保局健康风险评价模型对不同场地的人群经口暴露的健康风险进行评估,并通过调查问卷、实测等方式优化了暴露参数.研究结果表明:3个拆解场经口暴露的风险度均超过国际组织推荐的可接受风险水平,其中:手工拆解场的致癌风险度最大,焚烧厂的非致癌风险水平最高.从暴露途径角度分析,食物摄入的致癌风险水平最高,地下水经口摄入的非致癌风险水平最高;从元素角度分析,As的致癌风险水平最高,Cr的非致癌风险度最大.敏感性分析表明:实测参数体重(BW)对健康风险具有负敏感性,约为14%～15%,污染物浓度(C)、摄入率(IRw、IRF、IRs)具有正敏感性,分别为15%～16%和15%.     

电子废物堆场表层土壤重金属元素的生态地球化学预警——以广东贵屿为例

电子垃圾及贵金属回收会造成严重的环境污染并使居民健康受损。通过基于元素形态的缓变型地球化学灾害模型和基于元素全量的多重分形,对广东省贵屿镇表层土壤有毒有害元素含量及分布进行研究。结果表明,贵屿镇家电拆解区的有毒有害元素Ni、Zn、Cd、As的可释放总量分别为11.42、39.00、0.111和1.25mg/kg,均超过对应临界值8.11、19.67、0.054和0.69mg/kg。80%的Cu的可释放总量为12.15mg/kg,超过临界值10.42mg/kg,说明TRCP的释放向有效形态转化的速度加速,具有爆发缓变型地球化学灾害的可能性;Hg、Pb元素服从高浓集的连续多重分形叠加模式,说明受人类活动影响强烈,Cd具有较小的分维数,自低含量点到高含量点的转化慢,表明有较多的高含量点分布,污染发展趋势较严重。贵屿镇与家电拆解有关的有毒有害元素污染均有进一步恶化的趋势。     

Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers among workers at an electronic waste dismantling region in Guangdong, China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the PBDE serum levels in residents from an electronic waste dismantling region, residents living within 50 km of the dismantling region, and a referent group with no occupational PBDE exposure. Fourteen PBDE congeners including BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-196, BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-206, BDE-207, BDE-208 and BDE-209 were quantified in these three groups by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. We found that the levels of all PBDE congeners in serum of residents from electronic waste dismantling region were significantly higher than those in the two other groups. The referents showed the lowest PBDE levels. Concentrations of congeners with a high number of bromine substituents, i.e., hepta- to decaBDEs in occupational exposure workers were 11-20 times higher than those in the referent group. BDE-209 was the dominant congener. The highest concentration of BDE-209 was observed among the electronic waste dismantling workers, and it was 3436 ng g(-1) lipid weight (ng g(-1) l.w.), which is the highest concentration of BDE-209 in humans worldwide. Some higher brominated PBDE congeners such as BDE-197, BDE-207 and BDE-208 also showed elevated concentrations in dismantling workers. This study confirms that BDE-209 is released to the environment and can bioaccumulate in the blood of electronic waste dismantling workers, and extensive occupational exposure to PBDEs leads to elevated concentrations of all PBDE congeners in serum.     

再生铜行业环境管理问题的若干思考和建议

随着我国铜冶炼(原生铜和再生铜)行业对含铜二次资源需求量的增加,集废旧资源回收、拆解和分选、二次资源出售、铜再生利用于一体的产业链逐渐发展壮大起来。然而高能耗、高污染、低质量、低产出的特点在再生铜行业依然存在,环境监管政策和标准也不健全不完善。随着人们对美丽生态环境诉求的增加,必须加强有色金属行业的环境管理。本文对再生铜行业发展和环境管理做了一些思考,特别是对再生铜行业环境管理存在的问题进行了分析,并针对问题提出了几点政策性建议,以期为我国再生铜产业的环境友好发展和环境监管提供借鉴。     

废PE塑料溶剂法制氧化聚乙烯蜡

研究了在不同溶剂中以聚乙烯废塑料制高附加值氧化聚乙烯蜡产品的方法,测定了所得产物的分子量、酸值、软化点,并用IR考察了含氧基团。结果表明,溶剂A体系中能制备出颜色、分子量、酸值合格的低分子量氧化聚乙烯蜡,产品软化点在101～110℃,相对分子质量为1500,3000,酸值是12。以废塑料包装为原料,氧气做氧化剂下制得的氧化聚乙烯蜡的酸值最高。